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Jobs Less Exposed to AI & Automation

These rankings compare occupations based on the kind of work they involve. They do not predict which jobs will disappear.

Job	Overall comparison	AI & digital work	Repeatable work	Physical automation	Human skills	Category
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	0	37	33	41	54	Education
WaiterWaiters and Waitresses	2	33	48	52	43	Food & Retail
Cooks, Restaurant	3	28	56	55	39	Food & Retail
Cashiers	4	36	50	52	38	Food & Retail
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, And BrazersWelders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers	7	34	56	52	38	Trades & Construction
TeacherElementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	9	57	33	46	59	Education
Healthcare Social Workers	10	60	29	46	62	Healthcare
Retail SalespersonRetail Salespersons	14	49	48	53	49	Sales & Management
PlumberPlumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	14	48	50	51	52	Trades & Construction
Warehouse WorkerLaborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	16	34	66	54	39	Transportation & Logistics
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special And Career/Technical EducationSecondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	19	65	31	46	58	Education
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, And Secondary School, Except Special EducationTeaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	19	61	42	46	59	Education
Public Relations Specialists	22	63	36	47	60	Marketing & Creative
Photographers	22	60	44	50	56	Marketing & Creative
Real Estate Sales Agents	23	68	31	44	54	Sales & Management
Truck DriverHeavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	24	47	59	54	45	Transportation & Logistics
Sales Managers	25	69	28	45	60	Sales & Management
Industrial Machinery Mechanics	27	57	50	53	50	Manufacturing
ElectricianElectricians	28	57	60	48	58	Trades & Construction
CarpenterCarpenters	28	55	55	54	54	Trades & Construction
ChefChefs and Head Cooks	28	52	60	55	58	Food & Retail
Receptionists And Information ClerksReceptionists and Information Clerks	32	54	54	56	45	Administration & Service
Clinical And Counseling PsychologistsClinical and Counseling Psychologists	33	73	28	44	62	Healthcare
Firefighters	34	59	55	54	59	Public & Community
Secretaries And Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, And ExecutiveSecretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	36	55	56	54	45	Administration & Service
Stockers And Order FillersStockers and Order Fillers	37	51	61	56	45	Transportation & Logistics
Child, Family, And School Social WorkersChild, Family, and School Social Workers	37	65	49	50	64	Public & Community
Graphic DesignerGraphic Designers	40	59	54	55	54	Marketing & Creative
Interpreters And TranslatorsInterpreters and Translators	41	57	60	51	53	Marketing & Creative
Interior Designers	42	68	43	51	59	Marketing & Creative
Physical Therapists	43	68	49	52	64	Healthcare
Operations ManagerGeneral and Operations Managers	45	70	42	49	58	Sales & Management
Office Clerks, General	49	54	62	55	41	Administration & Service
Construction Managers	52	68	53	54	60	Engineering
LawyerLawyers	54	73	41	48	63	Legal
DoctorFamily Medicine Physicians	55	75	38	43	62	Healthcare
Mechanical Engineers	55	70	47	49	55	Engineering
Industrial Engineers	55	70	43	53	53	Engineering
Executive Secretaries And Executive Administrative AssistantsExecutive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	57	64	54	55	52	Administration & Service
Marketing ManagerMarketing Managers	59	68	52	54	61	Marketing & Creative
Human Resources Managers	62	72	46	51	62	Sales & Management
Hr SpecialistHuman Resources Specialists	64	65	55	54	53	Administration & Service
Civil Engineers	65	72	46	46	54	Engineering
Police And Sheriff'S Patrol OfficersPolice and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	65	76	55	54	67	Public & Community
Architects, Except Landscape And NavalArchitects, Except Landscape and Naval	66	71	53	48	61	Engineering
Dentists, General	67	67	65	55	66	Healthcare
ProfessorComputer Science Teachers, Postsecondary	70	79	35	47	56	Education
Sales Representatives Of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, And TravelSales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	70	72	50	51	55	Sales & Management
Heating, Air Conditioning, And Refrigeration Mechanics And InstallersHeating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	70	71	59	57	56	Trades & Construction
Quality Control Analysts	72	66	61	50	45	Manufacturing
Dental Hygienists	73	63	68	58	57	Healthcare
Judicial Law Clerks	74	69	52	49	47	Legal
Registered NurseRegistered Nurses	74	77	55	55	65	Healthcare
Network And Computer Systems AdministratorsNetwork and Computer Systems Administrators	75	77	45	45	52	Technology
Project ManagerProject Management Specialists	75	74	48	49	53	Administration & Service
Computer User Support Specialists	76	73	54	54	53	Technology
Physician Assistants	76	83	46	49	66	Healthcare
Loan Officers	77	72	50	51	52	Finance
Legal Secretaries And Administrative AssistantsLegal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	77	67	57	54	47	Legal
Machinists	78	55	70	67	45	Trades & Construction
Financial Examiners	79	76	43	47	51	Finance
Computer Network Architects	80	75	50	51	53	Technology
Software DeveloperSoftware Developers	82	75	48	47	50	Technology
ParalegalParalegals and Legal Assistants	82	69	57	53	46	Legal
BookkeeperBookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	83	63	67	55	43	Finance
News Analysts, Reporters, And JournalistsNews Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	83	80	47	52	57	Marketing & Creative
Insurance Underwriters	84	73	51	51	49	Finance
Cybersecurity AnalystInformation Security Analysts	85	77	49	48	50	Technology
Database Administrators	85	74	54	52	54	Technology
Aml AnalystCompliance Officers	86	72	62	55	52	Finance
Web DeveloperWeb Developers	88	72	58	50	51	Technology
WriterWriters and Authors	89	76	51	47	51	Marketing & Creative
Customer Service RepresentativeCustomer Service Representatives	90	67	66	60	49	Administration & Service
Airline Pilots, Copilots, And Flight EngineersAirline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers	90	70	66	64	55	Transportation & Logistics
Quantitative Financial AnalystFinancial Quantitative Analysts	91	81	42	48	52	Finance
Seo SpecialistMarket Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	91	78	47	49	51	Marketing & Creative
Computer Systems Analysts	94	77	59	57	54	Technology
Pharmacists	95	80	61	53	61	Healthcare
Electrical Engineers	95	82	57	51	57	Engineering
Data AnalystBusiness Intelligence Analysts	96	81	44	47	48	Technology
AccountantAccountants and Auditors	96	78	56	53	48	Finance
Actuaries	96	84	42	46	51	Finance
Medical Assistants	96	81	59	58	58	Healthcare
Technical Writers	97	73	63	54	45	Marketing & Creative
Data Scientists	98	86	41	47	48	Technology
Software Quality Assurance Analysts And TestersSoftware Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers	98	80	56	48	49	Technology
Tax Preparers	99	77	60	55	46	Finance
Data Entry WorkerData Entry Keyers	99	72	72	61	44	Administration & Service

How to read this list

The overall comparison shows how each job ranks against hundreds of other jobs based on the work involved. It is not a chance of replacement or job loss.

View technical ranking details

The Relative Exposure Index compares all 897 jobs the current model can compare, not only the jobs with public pages.

This product includes information from the O*NET 31.0 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license. Toolsyte has modified and scored some information; USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA.